Scale Insect Control in Your Garden

It is important to understand the link between scale insects, honeydew, ants and sooty mould. Soft Scale Insects, Cottony Cushion Scale and Gumtree Scale all produce honeydew, which is a liquid of concentrated plant sugars they excrete. Sooty mould grows on the honeydew, making plants unsightly and inhibits photosynthesis, which may cause leaf drop.

Honeydew also attracts ants that protect the Scale Insects from being attacked by predators and parasites, in return for a feed of the honeydew. The simplest way to manage Scale Insects is to prevent ants climbing into trees, that will allow the natural enemies of the Scale Insects a chance to do what they do. A band of horticultural glue is all you need to prevent ants climbing into trees.

Hard Scale Insects don't produce honeydew, so you won't have the added problems of ants and sooty mould to deal with if you find them on your plants. There are several things you can do to prevent populations of Hard Scales Insects building up to damaging levels (see How To Prevent Scale Insects Appearing).

Apart from biological control (see Natural Enemies), the mainstay of Scale Insect control is the application of horticultural oils. Oil sprays suffocate small insects such as Scale Insects. After the insects have died, you can hose them off as well as any sooty mould they may have promoted.

To control scale on citrus and ornamental plants, including roses, spray with Yates Scale Gun. Avoid use on delicate plants such as African violets, ferns, seedlings, mosses or on flowers. Certain plants may be sensitive to oil-based sprays, so do a test spray on a small inconspicuous area and observe over the next couple of days to see if there is a reaction. If there is no reaction, then you may continue with a more widespread spray. If there is a reaction, discontinue use.

If you need to control scale on hedges or larger ornamental plants, stone fruit, citrus, or grapes, then use Yates PestOil Concentrate. Mix the concentrate in a sprayer and apply thoroughly over the leaves or affected plant parts. Read the label prior to use for more details of how and when to apply.

As soon as Scale are noticed, spray plants with Yates Nature's Way Citrus & Ornamental Spray - suitable for use on a wid range of plants.

• Red Scale (Aonidiella aurantii), also known as California Red Scale, is an introduced pest that is found in most areas of Australia.
• White Louse Scale (Unaspis citri), also known as Citrus Snow Scale, is an introduced pest of citrus in coastal eastern Australia.

• Soft Brown Scale (Coccus hesperidum) is an introduced pest that occurs in all states and territories of Australia.
• Several species of Wax Scales (Ceroplastes spp.) have been introduced into Australia. These include White Wax Scale (C. destructor) found in New South Wales, Queensland and southern Western Australia; and Pink Wax Scale (C. rubens) found in all states and territories except Tasmania.
• Cottony Cushion Scale (Icerya purchasi) is a native insect that is found in most parts of Australia.
• Gumtree Scale (Eriococcus coriaceus) is a common native insect of eucalypts, which is widely distributed in Australia.

Scale Insects don't look like insects, because the insect's body is mostly hidden under a hard or soft cover, which looks like a 'scale'. The Scale Insects you are likely to find on plants are mature females, and juvenile (nymphs) males and females. Adult males are small winged insects that are rarely seen. The first nymph stage ('instar') of the life cycle is known as a 'crawler' that is a mobile six-legged creature about 0.5 mm long.

Adult female Red Scales are reddish-brown, circular and about 2 mm in diameter. Female nymphs are also circular but smaller. Male nymphs are oval and paler.

White Louse Scale male nymphs are white, about 1 mm in length with three longitudinal ridges. The name 'White Louse Scale' is derived from infestations of male nymphs. Adult female White Louse Scales are about 2 mm long, dark brown and mussel-shaped. Female nymphs are smaller versions of adult females.

Mature female Soft Brown Scales are flat, oval, about 4 mm in length, and a greenish-brown colour mottled with brown spots. As females age, they become a uniform brown colour. Nymphs are similar in shape and colour to adult females but are smaller.

Adult female Wax Scales are generally globular in shape and covered in waxy secretions. White Wax Scales are about 6 mm in diameter, white, soft and moist. Pink Wax Scales are about 4 mm in diameter, pink or red, and hard, with two lobes on each side and a depression in the middle. Wax Scale nymphs resemble smaller versions of adult females.

Female Cottony Cushion Scales are about 5 mm long, reddish-brown with black legs and usually covered by a white, mealy secretion. Females usually have egg sacs attached to them that are large, soft, cottony masses with a white fluted surface about 10 mm to 15 mm long. Nymphs are orange–brown with long hairs and covered with cottony secretions.

Gumtree Scale females are rounded and sac-like, about 3 – 4 mm long and reddish-brown in colour.  Female nymphs are reddish-brown and about 1 – 2 mm long, and males nymphs are white and about 1 – 2 mm long.

Scale Insects are sap-sucking insects with a lifecycle of incomplete metamorphosis and immature stages known as 'crawlers' and nymphs. Some female Scale Insect species lay eggs, while others give birth to live crawlers.

Female Red Scales give birth to live crawlers, which disperse to find a place to feed. Once a good feeding spot is found, the nymphs produce a waxy covering and remain there until adulthood. Both sexes pass through three growth stages before sexual maturity. There are two to six generations per year, depending on the climate.

White Louse Scale females lay up to 150 eggs over a period of about three months. Orange crawlers hatch from the eggs and disperse over the tree. Crawlers go through several moults under scale covers, before becoming adults. The life cycle takes about eight weeks over summer and there are several overlapping generations per year.

Adult female Soft Brown Scales give birth to about 200 live young. The crawlers disperse away from the adults to find new feeding sites. The crawlers moult to the second nymph stage and become sedentary like the adult females. Soft Brown Scales cluster together along leaf midribs, twigs and stems. There are about four generations per year depending on the climate.

Female Wax Scales lay hundreds of eggs usually in a mass under their bodies. The eggs hatch into crawlers, which disperse through the plant or are carried by the wind to other plants. They then settle down to feed either on leaves, twigs or small branches. Nymphs pass through a couple of moults before becoming adults. There are one to two generations per year, depending on the region.

Cottony Cushion Scale females lay about 1,000 red eggs into their egg sacs. The eggs hatch into crawlers that initially settle along the mid-veins on the underside of leaves, but older nymphs migrate to twigs and branches where they remain. There are at least two generations per year, with crawlers occurring in spring and autumn.

Female Gumtree Scales lay several hundred eggs that hatch into crawlers, which spread out over the tree looking for a feeding site. Crawlers can be spread to other trees by wind or on the feet of birds. Both males and females go through two immature stages before becoming adults. There may be several generations per year.

• Red Scale – All varieties of citrus and other fruits including fig, olive and grape; ornamentals such as ivy, passionfruit and rose; weeds including fat hen and Bathurst burr.
• White Louse Scale – citrus.
• Soft Brown Scale – camellia, citrus, daphne, ferns, fig, oleander, orchids, palms, passionfruit and peach.
• Wax Scales – avocado, bay tree, citrus, gardenia, lilly pilly, mango and pittosporum.
• Cottony Cushion Scale – Acacia, citrus, grevillea, hakea, pittosporum and rose.
• Gumtree Scale – gumtrees (Corymbia, Eucalyptus spp.)

• Honeydew on upper leaf surfaces.
• Sooty mould on upper leaf surfaces.
• Leaf drop, twig dieback.
• Yellow patches on leaves around feeding scales.
• Ants climbing plants to feed on honeydew.

• Watch for the appearance of sooty mould – a sure indication of sap-sucking pests.
• Watch for ants climbing into plants.
• Look for Scale Insects on leaf surfaces, twigs and fruit.

• Control weeds to reduce breeding sites.
• Band tree trunks with horticultural glue to prevent ants climbing up.
• Scrape off minor scale infestations with a plastic scraper.
• Prune off heavy infestations.
• Release commercially available parasites and predators.

• Parasitic wasps (see beneficial wasps).
• Predators such as ladybirds and lacewing larvae.